TED2018
Prosanta Chakrabarty: Four billion years of evolution in six minutes
プロサンタ・チャクラバーティ: 40億年の進化を６分で説明
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人類は猿から進化したか、魚から進化したか。この講演では、TEDフェロー、魚類学者のプロサンタ・チャクラバーティが進化論についての誤解を解き、私たちは進化の結末ではなく、40億年に渡る過程の一部に過ぎないと教えてくれます。チャクラバーティはこう言います。「我々が進化のゴールではありません。 生命という古代からの巨木の若葉であり、見えない枝で我々自身だけでなく絶滅した親戚や、祖先とも繋がっています。」
Prosanta Chakrabarty - Ichthyologist
Prosanta Chakrabarty studies fish to help explain the evolution of human beings and our planet. Full bio
Prosanta Chakrabarty studies fish to help explain the evolution of human beings and our planet. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
If we evolved from monkeys,
why are there still monkeys?
why are there still monkeys?
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人間が猿から進化したなら
なぜまだ猿が存在するのでしょう
なぜまだ猿が存在するのでしょう
00:17
(Laughter)
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（笑）
00:18
Well, because we're not monkeys,
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我々は猿ではないからです
00:20
we're fish.
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我々は魚です
00:22
(Laughter)
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（笑）
00:23
Now, knowing you're a fish
and not a monkey
and not a monkey
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人間は猿ではなく魚である
という理解が
という理解が
00:26
is actually really important
to understanding where we came from.
to understanding where we came from.
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人間の起源の理解につながります
00:30
I teach one of the largest
evolutionary biology classes in the US,
evolutionary biology classes in the US,
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私はアメリカでも最大級の
進化生物学の講義を担当しています
進化生物学の講義を担当しています
00:34
and when my students finally understand
why I call them fish all the time,
why I call them fish all the time,
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私がなぜ学生を「魚」と呼ぶか
やっと理解できてもらえた時
やっと理解できてもらえた時
00:38
then I know I'm getting my job done.
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教授として成功したと実感します
00:40
But I always have to start my classes
by dispelling some hardwired myths,
by dispelling some hardwired myths,
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講義は誤解を解くところから
始めなければなりません
始めなければなりません
00:45
because without really knowing it,
many of us were taught evolution wrong.
many of us were taught evolution wrong.
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進化論についての誤解は
たくさんあります
たくさんあります
00:50
For instance, we're taught
to say "the theory of evolution."
to say "the theory of evolution."
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例えば「（唯一の）進化論」と学びますが
00:54
There are actually many theories,
and just like the process itself,
and just like the process itself,
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複数の説があって
進化自体のように
進化自体のように
00:58
the ones that best fit the data
are the ones that survive to this day.
are the ones that survive to this day.
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データに一致するものだけが
現在生き残っています
現在生き残っています
01:03
The one we know best
is Darwinian natural selection.
is Darwinian natural selection.
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ダーウィンの自然選択説が
一番知られています
一番知られています
01:06
That's the process by which organisms
that best fit an environment
that best fit an environment
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環境に一番適した生物が生き残り
01:10
survive and get to reproduce,
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繁殖するという過程です
01:13
while those that are less fit
slowly die off.
slowly die off.
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一方 適応力の劣る生物は
徐々に死滅します
徐々に死滅します
01:16
And that's it.
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それだけのことです
01:17
Evolution is as simple as that,
and it's a fact.
and it's a fact.
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進化論とはこんなにも簡単であり
そして真実です
そして真実です
01:21
Evolution is a fact
as much as the "theory of gravity."
as much as the "theory of gravity."
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進化論は重力理論と同じく真実です
01:26
You can prove it just as easily.
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証明も簡単です
01:28
You just need to look at your bellybutton
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へそを見れば分かります
01:30
that you share
with other placental mammals,
with other placental mammals,
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他の有胎盤類と同じです
01:32
or your backbone that you share
with other vertebrates,
with other vertebrates,
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あるいは背骨があるのは
他の脊椎動物と同じです
他の脊椎動物と同じです
01:35
or your DNA that you share
with all other life on earth.
with all other life on earth.
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DNAがあるのも
地球上すべての生物と同じです
地球上すべての生物と同じです
01:39
Those traits didn't pop up in humans.
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こういう特徴は人間に
突如現れたのではありません
突如現れたのではありません
01:41
They were passed down
from different ancestors
from different ancestors
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いろいろな祖先が残したもので
01:44
to all their descendants, not just us.
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我々だけでなく
全ての子孫が受け継ぎました
全ての子孫が受け継ぎました
01:47
But that's not really
how we learn biology early on, is it?
how we learn biology early on, is it?
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しかし生物学では
そうは習いませんね
そうは習いませんね
01:51
We learn plants and bacteria
are primitive things,
are primitive things,
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植物や細菌が
原始的で
原始的で
01:54
and fish give rise to amphibians
followed by reptiles and mammals,
followed by reptiles and mammals,
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魚が両生類になり
爬虫類や哺乳類が生まれ
爬虫類や哺乳類が生まれ
01:57
and then you get you,
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そしてあなたのような
01:59
this perfectly evolved creature
at the end of the line.
at the end of the line.
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最終地点に達し 完璧に進化した
生物になったと学びます
生物になったと学びます
02:03
But life doesn't evolve in a line,
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しかし進化は一筋ではありません
02:05
and it doesn't end with us.
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私たちが最終地点でもありません
02:08
But we're always shown evolution
portrayed something like this,
portrayed something like this,
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進化とはよく こうだと教えられます
02:12
a monkey and a chimpanzee,
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猿とチンパンジー
02:14
some extinct humans,
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絶滅したヒト
02:15
all on a forward and steady march
to becoming us.
to becoming us.
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みんな前進して人間になる
02:19
But they don't become us
any more than we would become them.
any more than we would become them.
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しかし彼らが我々になった訳ではありません
02:23
We're also not the goal of evolution.
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我々が進化のゴールでもありません
02:27
But why does it matter?
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なぜそれが重要なのでしょう
02:28
Why do we need to understand
evolution the right way?
evolution the right way?
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なぜ進化論を正しく理解する必要が
あるのでしょう
あるのでしょう
02:32
Well, misunderstanding evolution
has led to many problems,
has led to many problems,
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進化論の誤解は
多くの問題に繋がっています
多くの問題に繋がっています
02:36
but you can't ask that age-old question,
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そして「人類はどこから来たか」という
02:40
"Where are we from?"
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古くからの質問は
02:42
without understanding
evolution the right way.
evolution the right way.
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進化論を正しく理解できなければ
答えることができません
答えることができません
02:45
Misunderstanding it has led
to many convoluted and corrupted views
to many convoluted and corrupted views
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進化論の誤解から
込み入って誤った考えが生まれました
込み入って誤った考えが生まれました
02:50
of how we should treat
other life on earth,
other life on earth,
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それは他の生命の扱い方や
02:53
and how we should treat each other
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異性や異人種などの
02:55
in terms of race and gender.
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他人の扱い方などです
02:59
So let's go back four billion years.
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40億年を逆戻りしましょう
03:02
This is the single-celled organism
we all came from.
we all came from.
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これが我々の祖先の単細胞生物です
03:06
At first, it gave rise
to other single-celled life,
to other single-celled life,
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まずは他の単細胞生物が生まれます
03:09
but these are still evolving to this day,
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これらは現在でも進化中です
03:11
and some would say
the Archaea and Bacteria
the Archaea and Bacteria
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単細胞生物の大半を占める古細菌や細菌が
03:14
that make up most of this group
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地球で最も成功している生物だと
言う人もいます
言う人もいます
03:16
is the most successful on the planet.
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03:18
They are certainly going
to be here well after us.
to be here well after us.
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確かに人類より永く存続することでしょう
03:21
About three billion years ago,
multicellularity evolved.
multicellularity evolved.
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約30億年前
多細胞生物が生まれました
多細胞生物が生まれました
03:25
This includes your fungi
and your plants and your animals.
and your plants and your animals.
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菌類 植物 動物などです
03:29
The first animals to develop
a backbone were fishes.
a backbone were fishes.
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初めに背骨を持ったのは魚です
03:33
So technically,
all vertebrates are fishes,
all vertebrates are fishes,
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ということは
脊椎動物は全て魚ですね
脊椎動物は全て魚ですね
03:37
so technically, you and I are fish.
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私も あなたも 魚です
03:40
So don't say I didn't warn you.
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言ったでしょ？
03:43
One fish lineage came onto land
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魚の一系統が上陸し
03:45
and gave rise to, among other things,
the mammals and reptiles.
the mammals and reptiles.
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哺乳類や爬虫類などへ
変化しました
変化しました
03:49
Some reptiles become birds,
some mammals become primates,
some mammals become primates,
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爬虫類の一部は鳥になり
哺乳類の一部は霊長類になり
哺乳類の一部は霊長類になり
03:53
some primates become monkeys with tails,
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霊長類の一部は尻尾のついた猿になり
03:56
and others become the great apes,
including a variety of human species.
including a variety of human species.
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他は人類を含む大形類人猿になりました
04:01
So you see, we didn't evolve from monkeys,
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つまり我らは
猿から生まれたのではありません
猿から生まれたのではありません
04:03
but we do share
a common ancestor with them.
a common ancestor with them.
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しかし猿と同じ祖先を持ちます
04:06
All the while, life
around us kept evolving:
around us kept evolving:
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身の回りの生物は
常に進化しています
常に進化しています
04:09
more bacteria, more fungi,
lots of fish, fish, fish.
lots of fish, fish, fish.
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細菌や菌類は増え
魚も いっぱい
魚も いっぱい
04:13
If you couldn't tell --
yes, they're my favorite group.
yes, they're my favorite group.
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ちなみに私は魚類が一番好きです
04:16
(Laughter)
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（笑）
04:17
As life evolves, it also goes extinct.
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生命は進化しつつ 絶滅していきます
04:20
Most species just last
for a few million years.
for a few million years.
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大半の種の存続期間は
数百万年に過ぎません
数百万年に過ぎません
04:23
So you see, most life on earth
that we see around us today
that we see around us today
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ということは 現在 身の回りの生命は
04:26
are about the same age as our species.
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人類とほぼ同じ存続期間です
04:28
So it's hubris,
it's self-centered to think,
it's self-centered to think,
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だから「植物や細菌は原始的で
04:32
"Oh, plants and bacteria are primitive,
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比較的新種である人類が
04:34
and we've been here
for an evolutionary minute,
for an evolutionary minute,
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特別である」という考えは
04:37
so we're somehow special."
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とても自己中心的ですね
04:39
Think of life as being this book,
an unfinished book for sure.
an unfinished book for sure.
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生命をこんな本に例えましょう
もちろん未完成の本です
もちろん未完成の本です
04:44
We're just seeing the last
few pages of each chapter.
few pages of each chapter.
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各章の最後の数ページしか
我々には見えません
我々には見えません
04:48
If you look out
on the eight million species
on the eight million species
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この世界に住む
04:50
that we share this planet with,
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８百万種の生物は
04:52
think of them all being
four billion years of evolution.
four billion years of evolution.
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すべて40億年の進化の産物です
04:56
They're all the product of that.
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04:59
Think of us all as young leaves
on this ancient and gigantic tree of life,
on this ancient and gigantic tree of life,
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我々は皆 生命という
古代からの巨木の若葉です
古代からの巨木の若葉です
05:04
all of us connected by invisible branches
not just to each other,
not just to each other,
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私たちは皆
見えない枝で繋がっています
見えない枝で繋がっています
05:08
but to our extinct relatives
and our evolutionary ancestors.
and our evolutionary ancestors.
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そして絶滅した親戚や
祖先とも繋がっています
祖先とも繋がっています
05:12
As a biologist, I'm still
trying to learn, with others,
trying to learn, with others,
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私は 生物学者として
同僚と共に
同僚と共に
05:15
how everyone's related to each other,
who is related to whom.
who is related to whom.
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多種類がどう繋がっているのか
勉強を続けています
勉強を続けています
05:20
Perhaps it's better still
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たぶん こう考えた方がいいでしょう
05:23
to think of us
as a little fish out of water.
as a little fish out of water.
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我々は皆 水から上がった小魚で
05:26
Yes, one that learned to walk and talk,
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歩いたり話したり出来るけれど
05:29
but one that still has
a lot of learning to do
a lot of learning to do
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我々がどういう生き物なのか
05:32
about who we are and where we came from.
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どこから来たのか
まだ習うことがたくさんあるのだと
まだ習うことがたくさんあるのだと
05:35
Thank you.
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有り難うございました
05:36
(Applause)
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（拍手）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Prosanta Chakrabarty - IchthyologistProsanta Chakrabarty studies fish to help explain the evolution of human beings and our planet.
Why you should listen
Dr. Prosanta Chakrabarty is an Associate Professor and Curator of Fishes at the Museum of Natural Science and Department of Biological Science at Louisiana State University.
Chakrabarty is a systematist and an ichthyologist studying the evolution and biogeography of both freshwater and marine fishes. His work includes studies of Neotropical (Central and South America, Caribbean) and Indo-West Pacific (Indian and Western Pacific Ocean) fishes. His natural history collecting efforts include trips to Japan, Australia, Taiwan, Madagascar, Panama, Kuwait and many other countries. He has discovered over a dozen new species including new anglerfishes and cavefishes.
The LSU Museum of Natural Science fish collection that Chakrabarty oversees includes nearly half a million fish specimens and nearly 10,000 DNA samples covering most major groups of fishes. He earned his PhD at the University of Michigan and his undergraduate degree is from McGill University in Montreal. He has written two books including A Guide to Academia: Getting into and Surviving Grad School, Postdocs and a Research Job. He is also a former Program Director at the National Science Foundation. He was named a TED Fellow in 2016 and a TED Senior Fellow in 2018.
Prosanta Chakrabarty | Speaker | TED.com